Hstory of Left-wing politics

Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy.[1][2][3][4] It typically involves a concern for those in society whom its adherents perceive as disadvantaged relative to others (prioritarianism) as well as a belief that there are unjustified inequalities that need to be reduced or abolished (by advocating for social justice).[1] The term left-wing can also refer to "the radical, reforming, or socialist section of a political party or system".[5]

The political terms "Left" and "Right" were coined during the French Revolution (1789–1799), referring to the seating arrangement in the French Estates General: those who sat on the left generally opposed the monarchy and supported the revolution, including the creation of a republic and secularization,[6] while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Old Regime. Use of the term "Left" became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815 when it was applied to the "Independents".[7] The word "wing" was appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent and "left-wing" was applied to those who were unorthodox in their religious or political views.

The term was later applied to a number of movements, especially republicanism during the French Revolution in the 18th century, followed by socialism,[8] communism, anarchism and social democracy in the 19th and 20th centuries.[9] Since then, the term left-wing has been applied to a broad range of movements[10] including civil rights movements, feminist movements, anti-war movements and environmental movements,[11][12] as well as a wide range of parties.[13][14][15] According to former professor of economics Barry Clark, "[leftists] claim that human development flourishes when individuals engage in cooperative, mutually respectful relations that can thrive only when excessive differences in status, power, and wealth are eliminated".[16]

左翼政治支持社会平等和平等主义，往往与社会等级相对立。[1] [2] [3] [4]它通常涉及社会上的一些人，他们的信徒认为他们相对于他人处于不利地位（优先主义），并且认为存在需要减少或废除的不合理的不平等（通过倡导社会正义）。[1]左翼一词也可以指“政党或制度的激进，改革或社会主义部分”。[5]

在法国大革命（1789-1799）期间，政治术语“左”和“右”是创造的，指的是法国庄园将军的座位安排：坐在左边的人一般反对君主制并支持革命，包括建立一个共和国和世俗化，[6]而右翼的人则支持旧政权的传统制度。 1815年法国君主制恢复后，“左派”一词的使用变得更为突出，当时它应用于“独立人士”。[7] 19世纪后期，“翼”一词附加在左翼和右翼，通常具有贬低的意图，“左翼”适用于那些在宗教或政治观点上非正统的人。

这个词后来被应用于许多运动，特别是18世纪法国大革命期间的共和主义，其次是19世纪和20世纪的社会主义，[8]共产主义，无政府主义和社会民主主义。[9]从那时起，左翼一词已经适用于广泛的运动[10]，包括民权运动，女权主义运动，反战运动和环境运动，[11] [12]以及各种各样的政党[13] [14] [15]根据前经济学教授巴里·克拉克的说法，“[左派]声称，当个人参与合作的，相互尊重的关系时，人类的发展就会蓬勃发展，这种关系只有在地位，权力和财富的过度分化被消除后才能茁壮成长”。[16]